D.M.I.

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DMI (Defense Mechanism Test)

Object relation and defensive operations in transsexuals and borderline patients as measured by the Defense Mechanism Test.

Source Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. Vol 49(5) 379-388, 1995.

abstract Explored discriminating patterns in perceptual responses in accordance with the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) among 41 adult patients with diagnoses of transsexualism (TS) or borderline personality disorder (BPD) and a nonpatient (NP) group of 16 adult students. Overall, the diagnostic groups could be separated by means of a pattern analysis of 130 DMT variables and partial least squares discriminant analysis. A 2-dimensional model seemed to be powerful. Quality and complexity of self and object representations have to be considered both from a structural/reality-oriented and from an affective perspective. The TS group displayed poorer reality testing in the DMT than did the BPD group. Also, the BPD group seemed to form their representations affectively, whereas the TS group did not. Compared with the NP group, the patient groups shared a common perceptual constellation centered on instability in the self-object images.

Authors Olff, Miranda; Brosschot, Jos F; Godaert, Guido L R; Benschop, Robert Jan; Heijnen, Cobi J; Ursin, Holger. Institution Solvay Duphar B. V., Weesp, Netherlands. Chapter

title Defense and coping in relation to subjective health and psychobiological correlates. [References]. Book Citation Experimental research in psychosomatics. Psychological studies, 11. (Uwe Hentschel, Elisabeth H. M. Eurelings-Bontekoe, Eds.), pp. 155-168.

Source DSWO Press, Leiden, Netherlands; xvii, 217 pp. 1993. Content Representation (from the chapter) examine how defense and coping are related to each other, to subjective health criteria as well as to biological parameters / some basic questions dealing with the assessment of defense (will be) addressed / (examine) the relationship between defense and coping: can it be empirically shown that defense and coping represent different constructs / chose to combine 2 approaches: (1) the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT, Kragh, 1955 & 1985) ...and (2) several self-report questionnaires /// defense and coping in relation to subjective health / defense and coping in relation to biological parameters (EEG, cardiovascular parameters, immune and endocrine parameters).

Authors Sivberg, Bengt.

title Professional judgement: A theoretical model and multi-experiments in nursing professional judgement. Series title Lund studies in psychology of religion, 1.

Source Lund University Press; Lund, Sweden; 160 pp. 1993. Content Representation (from the book) The study was directed towards Professionalism and Professional Judgement (PJ) and the influence of personality factors on Professional Judgement (nursing). The personality factors investigated, in a group of eight senior nurses, were Self Judgement, Ego Judgement and Moral Judgement (MJ). These factors were measured by Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB), Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) and the first Swedish version of Defining Issues Test (DIT). PJ was measured by a Guttman scale. The correlations between thirteen variables were estimated as well as the covariance.. (from the cover) The focus of this book is to find out whether these personality factors have any influence on Professional Judgement measured on a Guttman scale.

Authors Sundbom, Elisabet; Kullgren, G. Institution Umea U, Sweden.

title Multivariate modelling and the Defence Mechanism Test: A comparative study of defensive structures in borderline, other personality disorders and schizophrenic disorder.

Source Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Vol 86(5) 379-385, Nov 1992.

abstract Administered the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) to 31 psychiatric inpatients and 14 control Ss. The patient group was divided according to the following diagnoses: borderline personality disorder (BPD), other personality disorders (OPDs), and schizophrenic disorder (SD). Significant differences were found in DMT responses between the 4 groups. BPD Ss were characterized by frequent expression of emotions, especially different variants of introaggression, which in the context of the DMT is interpreted as an expression of depression. Regarding the SD and OPDs groups, a pattern of high threshold values for perception and different variants of introjection emerged as characteristic. The control group was distinguished by very few DMT distortions. Results indicate that the DMT and partial least squares discriminant analysis are powerful methods for assessing personality pathology.

Authors Haraldsson, Erlendur; Houtkooper, Joop M. Institution U Iceland, Faculty of Social Science, Reykjavik, Iceland.

title Effects of perceptual defensiveness, personality and belief on extrasensory perception tasks.

Source Personality & Individual Differences. Vol 13(10) 1085-1096, Oct 1992.

abstract Conducted 10 double-blind experiments involving 462 Ss to test the replicability of the Defense Mechanism Test to extrasensory perception (DMT-ESP) relationship. Results of 8 experiments yielded a positive correlation between the DMT and ESP performance, and results of 2 experiments were independently significant. Meta-analysis of the 10 experiments yielded a significant relationship, and meta-analysis of all 16 DMT-ESP experiments conducted so far revealed highly significant results. Religiosity and belief in life after death were also found related to ESP performance. The relationship between belief and interest in psychic phenomena and ESP performance was not confirmed nor the relationship with extraversion and neuroticism. Psychotism was negatively related to performance on ESP tasks.

Authors Hentschel, Uwe. Institution Leiden U, Unit of Personality Psychology, Netherlands.

title The Defense Mechanism Test in clinical and personality research.

Source Perceptual & Motor Skills. Vol 75(1) 129-130, Aug 1992.

abstract Discusses 2 research strategies for the use of the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) and argues that the harvest of useful information obtained via the DMT could be greater if the efforts of research groups could be coordinated.

Authors Palmer, John; Johnson, Martin. Institution Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man, Inst for Parapsychology, Durham, NC, US.

title Defensiveness and brain hemisphere stimulation in a perceptually mediated ESP task.

Source Journal of Parapsychology. Vol 55(4) 329-348, Dec 1991.

abstract Explored the kinds of response biases elicited by 40 male and 40 female undergraduates who completed a perceptual ESP test and how they related to ESP scores. Contrary to predictions, neither a threat manipulation nor the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) was related to ESP deviation scores and the expected DMT-ESP correlation was not in the predicted direction. There was tight variance for the total ESP scores of all Ss pooled, attributable primarily to males in the threat condition and females in the control condition. Analyses of calling patterns revealed a suggestive avoidance of call-balancing and a significant but relatively modest avoidance of doubles. Avoidance of call-balancing correlated positively with ESP deviation scores. Counterbias responses had a hit rate of 35% compared to 24% for the other responses. There was a sex-by-visual-field interaction on ESP deviation scores.

Authors Sundbom, Elisabet; Armelius, Bengt-Ake. Institution Umea U, Sweden.

title Reactions to DMT as related to psychotic and borderline personality organization.

Source Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Vol 33(2) 178-188, May 1992.

abstract 31 inpatients in a psychiatric clinic were assessed with the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) and a diagnostic interview. Discriminant analysis shows that it was possible to separate patients with psychotic personality organization (PO) from those with borderline PO by means of 130 DMT variables. The borderline PO group was characterized by aggressive manifestations, sensitivity to threat, identity lability, and various transformations of the Hero gestalt. The psychotic PO group was characterized by high threshold values for perception, lack of identity, denial, and repression of the peripheral person at a late-phase level.

Authors Rubino, I Alex; Pezzarossa, Bianca; Ciani, Nicola. Institution Percept-genetic Lab, Rome, Italy.

title A study of schizophrenic outpatients with the Defense Mechanism Test.

Source Perceptual & Motor Skills. Vol 73(2) 515-530, Oct 1991.

abstract 57 nonpsychotic psychiatric outpatients and 21 active schizophrenic outpatients took the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT). More schizophrenics than controls were coded for projection and regression and for certain variants of these signs. Four subcodings of repression, 3 of isolation, and several variants of identification differentiated in the same direction. Besides further validating the DMT, results are congruent with a hierarchical model that implies inclusive nonreflexive relationships between classes of mental disorders.

Authors Rubino, I Alex; Sonnino, Alberto; Grasso, Silvia; Saya, Anna. Institution U degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy.

title The Defense Mechanism Test in nonpsychotic psychiatric outpatients and normal controls.

Source Perceptual & Motor Skills. Vol 72(3, Pt 1) 899-913, Jun 1991.

abstract Administered the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) to 57 psychiatric outpatients and 99 normal controls. In the DMT, stimuli representing a central figure threatened by a peripheral person are presented tachistoscopically, at increasing exposure times. The threat is assumed to trigger defense mechanisms expressed by perceptual distortions. Significantly more patients than controls were coded for presence of each of the 10 main defensive signs. 10 codings or subcodings of defense that were rare in the control sample were employed to discriminate between groups. This procedure correctly allocated 85.8% of the control Ss and 85.9% of the psychiatric patients. Findings provide a construct validation for most of the signs, and sign variants of the DMT and should represent an aid for its psychodiagnostic use, as they facilitate a more efficient and less demanding coding.

Authors Armelius, Bengt-Ake; Sundbom, Elisabet; Fransson, Per; Kullgren, Gunnar. Institution Umea U, Sweden.

title Personality Organization defined by DMT and the Structural Interview.

Source Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Vol 31(2) 81-88, 1990.

abstract Used the Structural Interview described by O. Kernberg (1981) and a projective test, the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), to operationalize the Personality Organization (PO) concept in 50 psychiatric inpatients (aged 21-65 yrs) in Sweden. The reliability of the PO judgments was acceptable for the Structural Interview and the DMT. The validity, which was estimated as the correlation between the 2 methods, was also substantial. The concept of PO may be reliably operationalized for psychiatric patients and seems to have concurrent validity. The DMT and the Structural Interview may be used for differential diagnosis of PO.

Authors Olff, Miranda; Godaert, Guido L; Brosschot, Jos F; Weiss, Katie E; et al. Institution Utrecht U, Netherlands.

title Tachistoscopic and questionnaire methods for the measurement of psychological defences.

Source Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Vol 31(2) 89-98, 1990.

abstract Compared the tachistoscopic Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) to paper-and-pencil tests of defense. 40 male undergraduates were given the DMT, a lifestyle index, the Defense Mechanism Inventory, the Social Desirability Scale, and a defense related behavior list. There were no correlations between the DMT and the other measures of defense. This may indicate that defense is a highly complex concept. The DMT may be measuring primary defense, while defense questionnaires may be assessing more secondary forms of defense. The 2 questionnaires used for assessing defense correlated significantly, while the scale for social desirability showed no correlation with DMT or the 2 defense questionnaires.

Authors Cooper, Colin; Kline, Paul. Institution U Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.

title A new objectively scored version of the Defence Mechanism Test.

Source Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Vol 30(3) 228-238, 1989.

abstract Reports 2 studies that validate an "objectively scored" version of the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) developed using G-analysis. Study 1 found that this test version could successfully predict the performance of 32 trainee male pilots. Study 2 examined the construct validity of this test version. The predictive factor from Study 1 re-emerged within a sample of 28 male undergraduates, where it correlated positively with scores on a test of perceptual defense and the Shrewdness ( N ) scale of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), and negatively with 2 of the identification scales of the DMT. This factor was tentatively identified as one of general defensiveness. This form of the test deserves consideration when selecting individuals for stressful occupations.

Authors Westerlundh, Bert; Johnson, Cecilia. Institution U Lund, Sweden.

title DMT defences and the experience of dreaming in children 12 to 13 years old.

Source Psychological Research Bulletin, Lund U.. Vol 29(6) 23 p, 1989.

abstract Investigated psychological conflict in 38 boys and 35 girls (aged 12-13 yrs), using a version of the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) and 2 self-report instruments measuring Ss' evaluations of their experiences in dreams and Ss' relationship to their dreams. Girls more frequently reported repression, misattribution of sex, threatening stimuli, and extremely young dream heroes. Boys more frequently gave reports of isolation of affect. The dream experience scale showed that girls warded off motivational aspects of dreaming. The extraversion scale from the measure of self-experience in dreams had significant positive correlations to all girl-dominated DMT variables and negative correlations to boy-dominated variables. Developmental conflicts of puberty seem to influence the experience of dreaming, and the DMT appears to register these conflicts. .

Authors Sundbom, E; Kullgren, G; Armelius, B-A. Institution Umea U, Sweden.

title Psychodynamic features in borderline personality disorder identified by a subliminal test, the Defense Mechanism Test.

Source Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Vol 80(1) 101-105, Jul 1989.

abstract Hypothesized that intrapsychic psychodynamic features identified from the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) would discriminate 9 borderline personality disorder patients (BPDs) from 8 patients with other personality disorders, 10 schizophrenic patients, and 7 normal controls (all aged 21-44 yrs). BPDs showed specific intrapsychic features on DMT. There was also a pronounced homogeneity among BPDs on all 5 structural dimensions of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline. An early appearance of the 1st organized perception discriminated BPDs from normal controls and seemed to indicate a general defense dysfunction.

Authors Cooper, Colin. Institution U Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.

title Predicting susceptibility to short-term stress with the defence mechanism test.

Source Work & Stress. Vol 2(1) 49-58, Jan-Mar 1988.

abstract Discusses U. Kragh's (1955) percept-genetics, a technique for identifying individuals whose judgment is likely to be impaired under stress, and considers the utility of Kragh's (1959) defense mechanism test (DMT) in measuring such short-term stress. It is noted that percept-genetics drew heavily on Freudian and gestalt literature in suggesting that previous life history and expectations about a stimulus affect an individual's interpretation of a percept. A review of Swedish studies by T. Neumann (1971, 1978) and others on administration of the DMT in the military suggests that there is a link between defense mechanisms (particularly reaction formation) and performance on tasks that are thought to require swift and accurate cognitive performance under stress. (PsycINFO Database Copyright 1989 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved).

Authors Andersson, Alf L; Bengtsson, Margot. Institution U Lund, Sweden.

title Perceptgenetic defenses against anxiety and a threatened sense of self as seen in terms of the Spiral Aftereffect Technique.

Source Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Vol 26(2) 123-139, 1985.

abstract Studied the relation between measures obtained from 48 female undergraduates with 2 perceptgenetic techniques, the Spiral Aftereffect Technique (SAT) and a modified version of the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT). With few exceptions, the findings of a previous study by A. L. Andersson and C. Weikert (see PA, Vol 56:7994) in which male conscripts were tested were confirmed. DMT indices of repression and projected introaggression were shown to be related to a successive decrease (minus trend) in aftereffect duration in the SAT, whereas DMT indices of introaggression, depressive inhibition, and anxiety were found to be related to a successive increase (plus trend). Disavowal (i.e., denial through forms of reversal of aspects in the DMT motifs) was more prevalent in Ss having a short final aftereffect duration or a long duration than an intermediate one. Findings are interpreted within a developmental frame of reference combining psychoanalytic conceptualizations of Freud, M. Klein (1935, 1940, 1946), and H. Kohut (1971, 1977). (49 ref)

Authors Armelius, Bengt-Ake. Institution Umea U, Inst for Applied Psychology, Sweden.

title Structural personality organization diagnosis based on structural interviewing and the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT). [Swedish].

Source Psykisk Halsa. Vol 25(3) 145-155, 1984.

abstract Describes an approach to the diagnosis of borderline patients based on O. Kernberg's (1981) structural interviewing technique and a defense mechanism test (DMT) derived from T. L. Dorpat's (1983) cognitive arrest theory of denial. Two cases are presented in which these techniques were used. By studying how an image is altered in the perceptual process, information can be derived about unconscious psychological defenses. Although no coding system has been developed for DMT use in borderline patients, results from DMT testing in the 2 cases presented were related to the diagnosis derived from the structural interviewing technique. (6 ref)

Authors von der Lippe, Anna; Torgersen, Svenn. Institution U Olso Inst of Psychology, Norway.

title Character and defense: Relationships between oral, obsessive and hysterical character traits and defense mechanisms.

Source Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Vol 25(3) 258-264, 1984.

abstract Investigated the relationship between a revised version of the Basic Character Inventory (BCI) of A. Lazare et al (see PA, Vol 40:10090) and the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) in 33 pregnant women. BCI is an inventory measuring oral, obsessive, and hysterical character patterns, while DMT is a projective technique measuring defense mechanisms by means of tachistoscopic exposures of pictures. The results show that the obsessive character pattern was significantly related to the defense mechanism of isolation, the hysterical character pattern was significantly related to introjection of the opposite-self role, and marginally to repression. The oral character pattern was significantly related to sensitivity to oral stimulus themes in the DMT. The results may also be interpreted as lending support to the developmental theory of psychoanalysis that postulates that defense, character, and neurosis are linked by originating in response to specific stages of development. (14 ref)

Authors Johnson, Martin; Haraldsson, Erlendur. Institution State U of Utrecht, Parapsychology Lab, Netherlands.

title The Defense Mechanism Test as a predictor of ESP scores: Icelandic Studies IV and V.

Source Journal of Parapsychology. Vol 48(3) 185-200, Sep 1984.

abstract Presents the results of 2 studies in a series designed to correlate perceptual defenses with ESP scoring rates and to explore the possibility of using the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) as a predictor of scoring direction in ESP tests. It was hypothesized that if ESP has any affinity with the subconscious or is anchored in some kind of preconscious processing, persons with low scores on the DMT would score better on ESP tests than Ss whose DMT protocols were characterized by strong and rigid perceptual defense mechanisms. 54 male undergraduates in Study IV and 46 male undergraduates in Study V were administered the DMT and an ESP test that consisted of a precognition test and a clairvoyance test, both of which used computer-generated targets with immediate and continuous feedback. Results of Study IV show a significant correlation between the DMT and the ESP scores. Results of an analysis by an independent judge following the exclusion of 12 critical Ss were still significant. Study V, however, failed to reveal a DMT-ESP correlation. An overview of the existing DMT-ESP research is presented.

Authors Hansson, S Birger; Ryden, Olof; Johnsson, Per. Institution Lunds U, Sweden.

title Perceptual adaptation manifested in forms of psychological defense and field-dependence-independence.

Source Psychological Research Bulletin, Lund U.. Vol 24(5) 20 p, 1984.

abstract Investigated the relationship between subvariants of psychological defense, categorized according to the level of representation at which the threat was perceived and warded off, and field dependence, in an experiment with 41 19-42 yr old females. Defense mechanisms were assessed with the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) and field dependence with a process-oriented version of a rod and frame test (RFT). Primitive variants of repression, isolation, and reaction formation, leading to simple physical distortions of the picture motif in DMT, were associated with higher field dependence than more mature variants of the same defenses, leading to elaborated physical changes or to changes in the perceived meaning of the picture motif. This finding confirms a theoretically expected correlation between indices of psychological differentiation derived from measures of defense and cognitive style. At low levels of differentiation, self-nonself boundaries are less articulate and firm because inner referents for reality testing have not been established. Consequently, in an ambiguous (RFT) or threatening (DMT) situation, the field-dependent individual tends to rely on immature forms of adaptation that result in misinterpretations of physical reality. (42 ref)

Authors Kragh, Ulf. Institution U Lund, Sweden.

title Studying effects of psychotherapy by the Defense Mechanism Test: Two case illustrations.

Source Archiv fur Psychologie. Vol 135(1) 73-82, 1983.

abstract Studied, using the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), a 25-yr-old female before and after treatment with behavior modification and a 23-yr-old male before and after traditional psychotherapy treatment. In the female S, defense of repression showed up late in the DMT before treatment, as predicted, and with partly predicted changes at a corresponding place in the DMT afterward. After treatment there was a predicted overall increase of the defense of isolation and an unpredicted increase of projection and regression, together with a general reduction of reaction formation. After therapy, the DMT of the S in psychoanalysis showed evidence of a predicted massive reduction of the defenses of isolation, introaggression, regression, and projection, while reaction formation remained largely unchanged. The structural implications of the 2 types of therapy are discussed.

Authors Westerlundh, Bert. Institution U Lund, Psychological Lab, Sweden.

title Personal organization of the visual field: A study of ambient to focal reports of threatening stimuli.

Source Archiv fur Psychologie. Vol 135(1) 17-35, 1983.

abstract Studied the reactions of 60 19-43 yr old females to threatening interpersonal stimuli (2 cards from the female version of the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT)) that were presented in steps, first peripherally and then increasingly toward the center of the retina. Ss' reports were scored for defenses using an adaptation of V. Kragh's (1969) DMT scoring scheme. Not only were Ss' reactions phenomenologically similar to DMT reports, a comparison with a serial color-word test showed they had much the same psychological significance. Results are discussed in terms of the experientially oriented microgenetic model of perceptual processing.

Authors Vaernes, Ragnar J. Institution U Bergen, Inst of Physiological Psychology, Bergen, Norway. Chapter

title Defensive reactions in dangerous occupations. [References]. Book Citation Biological and psychological basis of psychosomatic disease. Advances in the biosciences, Vol. 42. (Holger Ursin, Robert C. Murison, Eds.), pp. 149-162.

Source Pergamon Press, Inc, Oxford, England; x, 286 pp. 1983. Content Representation (from the chapter) discuss longitudinal studies and experiments which show that Ss with high defense predicted by DMT (Defense Mechanism Test) have an inadequate performance in dangerous situations / this supports the basic assumption of defense and coping being two different processes / furthermore, Ss with high defense tend to have a particular activation pattern, defined by the endocrine reaction, to the dangerous situation, and this activation relates to the reduction in performance.

Authors Westerlundh, Bert.

title Personal organization of the visual field: A study of ambient to focal reports of threatening stimuli.

Source Psychological Research Bulletin, Lund U.. Vol 22(4) 20 p, 1982.

abstract Studied 60 19-43 yr old females' reactions to threatening interpersonal stimuli. The stimuli were presented in steps, first peripherally (the ambient-focal technique) and then increasingly toward the center of the retina (tachistoscope technique). Results show good agreement between Ss' ambient and tachistoscopic reports. Using the percept-genetic paradigm, the present author scored reports for defenses using an adaptation of the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT). Not only were they phenomenologically similar to DMT reports, but a comparison with the Serial Color-Word Test showed that they had the same psychological significance. Results are discussed in terms of the experientially oriented microgenetic model of perceptual processing.

Authors Stoker, Peter.

title An empirical investigation of the predictive validity of the Defence Mechanism Test in the screening of fast-jet pilots for the Royal Air Force.

Source British Journal of Projective Psychology & Personality Study. Vol 27(1) 7-12, Jun 1982.

abstract Discusses the historical background and procedure for the administration of the Swedish Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), and presents data on the DMT from research by the Royal Swedish Air Force and the Royal Air Force (RAF). Validation and cross-validation data by the RAF indicate that the DMT should be used as a measure for screening RAF pilot applicants, despite the different cultural and selection/training patterns existing in the 2 countries. (5 ref)

Authors Vaernes, Ragnar J. Institution U Bergen, Norway.

title The Defense Mechanism Test predicts inadequate performance under stress.

Source Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. Vol 23(1) 37-43, 1982.

abstract Used the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) to study perceptual defense reactions and correlate them to specific performance criteria in parachutists and divers. In Exp I with 34 parachutist trainees, 8 Ss were identified on the Reaction Formation variable of the DMT, and 6 were among the 8 Ss who failed the performance test (leaning out the door of a moving aircraft). In Exp II with 45 divers, Ss were tested before, during, and after a dive on the Pair-Associative Recall Test, the Reasoning Test, and the Learning Effect/Reasoning Test. Performance was impaired by the nitrogen narcosis produced by the high partial pressure of nitrogen. Memory was reduced both when recall and learning were done under narcosis. Using the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale as a moderator variable, a significant correlation between reduction on the reasoning test and the combined score High Anxiety/High Defense was obtained. Results show that the DMT can predict poor performance in parachutists and divers.

Authors Hessle, Sven.

title The Defense Mechanism Test: A personality test for studying changes in defense organization and self-identity with clients in psychotherapy.

Source Interpersonal Development. Vol 6(3-4) 125-140, 1975-76.

abstract Determined the effectiveness of the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) in revealing personality changes occurring during psychotherapy. Results of a study with 17 group psychotherapy participants reveal that the DMT was a good predictor of psychotherapy effects and that it is possible to use the method with different types of psychotherapy. Methods of interpreting DMT data are suggested.

Authors Neuman, Thomas. Institution Militarpsykologiska Inst., Stockholm, Sweden.

title Defense mechanisms as stable structures of personality: Two studies on the reliability of the DMT-series.

Source MPI Special rapport. No. 52, 33 p., 1967,.

abstract Investigated the reliability of the Defense Mechanism Test by a retest procedure with a parallel version on 2 groups of military pilots after 1 and 5 yr. The rank positions of the Ss in the 2 groups had a high stability after 1 yr. and a moderate stability after 5 yr. About 80% of the total number of test signs registered at the time of the retest were consistent from original to parallel version in the 2 groups. 80% of the pilots used the same configuration of test signs in their different types of defense dispositions at the 2 test occasion, i.e., the test signs had a high degree of intraindividual consistency. The possibility of studying changes of personality as a result of environmental influence between 2 test occasions is discussed. (19 ref.)

Authors JOHNSON, MARTIN. Institution LUND U., SWEDEN.

title DREAM REPORTS AND PERCEPT-GENETIC DEFENSIVE ORGANIZATION IN THE DMT.

Source PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH BULLETIN. 7(12), 1-17., 1967,.

abstract PRESENTS A CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF 1 OF THE PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS ON WHICH A SERIAL, TACHISTOSCOPIC, PROJECTIVE TEST, THE DEFENSE MECHANISM TEST (DMT) IS FOUNDED. IT IS THE ASSUMPTION OF A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CLASSICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS AND THE "PERCEPT-GENETIC" DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES WHICH CAN BE OBSERVED IN THE DMT PROTOCOLS. 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF "PRECONSCIOUS" ORGANIZATIONS WERE RELATED TO EACH OTHER IN 34 SS: THE DEFENSIVE ORGANIZATION GIVEN IN DMT PROTOCOLS AND THAT OBTAINED IN DREAM REPORTS. SS WITH "ISOLATION" IN DMT WERE LESS ABLE TO RECALL DREAMS THAN OTHERS.

Authors JOHNSON, MARTIN; KANTHAMANI, B K. Institution LUND U., SWEDEN.

title THE DEFENSE MECHANISM TEST AS A PREDICTOR OF ESP SCORING DIRECTION.

Source Journal of Parapsychology. 31(2), 99-110., 1967,.

abstract INVESTIGATED THE ESP-ANXIETY RELATIONSHIP USING THE DEFENSE MECHANISM TEST (DMT) WHICH IS DESIGNED TO MEASURE ANXIETY PRONENESS AT THE UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL. IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED ON THE BASIS OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH THAT SS WITH LOW STRESS TOLERANCE (HIGH DEFENSE LEVELS) WOULD BE PSI-MISSERS, AND THAT HIGH STRESS TOLERANCE (LOW DEFENSE LEVELS) SS WOULD BE PSI-HITTERS. SS WERE TESTED IN PAIRS FOR ESP BY 1 E, USING A COMPETITIVE CLAIRVOYANCE PROCEDURE. AT A LATER TIME THE 2ND E ADMINISTERED AND RANKED THE DMT. A PILOT TEST SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION (P < .005) IN THE EXPECTED DIRECTION BETWEEN THE DMT AND ESP MEASURES. A CONFIRMATORY TEST WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANT (P < .05). THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT A HIGH DEGREE OF ANXIETY, AS MEASURED BY THE DMT, IS LIKELY TO LEAD TO PSI-MISSING, WHILE A LOW LEVEL OF ANXIETY TENDS TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH PSI-HITTING.

Authors Sundbom, Elisabet; Bodlund, Owe; Hojerback, Torvald. Institution Umea U, Dept of Applied Psychology, Sweden.

source: http://www.psytec.se/dmt_pap.htm

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